I think we need to create a category that reflects to what extent a particular genetic variant increases the chance of disease/phenotype. I'm sending this email out to both get-dev and get-editors since it's both relevant to editors (a change involves establishing new scoring criteria) and developers (a change in the website & database to include the new category).<br>
<br>
First, let me review how it's currently handled. <span class="il">Penetrance</span> is accounted for in two ways in our system.<br>
<br>
The first is the "severity" section in clinical impact. We have a hand-wavey set of criteria that goes like this:<br>
0 points for benign<br>
1 point for very low expectation of having symptoms for this genotype, very low <span class="il">penetrance</span> (e.g., susceptibility to Crohn's with a 4-fold relative risk, causing an overall risk of ~.7%)<br>
2 points for mild effect on quality of life or unlikely to be symptomatic (Cystinuria)<br>
3 points for moderate effect on quality of life (e.g., Familial Mediterranean Fever)<br>
4 points for severe effect: causes serious disability or reduces life expectancy (e.g., Sickle-cell, Stargardt's disease)<br>
5 points for very severe effect, lethal by early adulthood (e.g., Lethal junctional epidermolysis bullosa, Adrenoleukodystrophy)<br>
<br>
This sucks because we're conflating "likelihood of getting the disease" with "how bad is the disease if you get it". But we had to put it in there because of the example regarding Crohn's disease -- we needed something to knock down the importance of variants with high ORs for very rare diseases.<br>
<br>
The second is the odds ratio (OR) criteria in the "case/control evidence" category. Here's a review of the current case/control scoring criteria:<br>
0 points if no higher ranking is allowed<br>
1 point if OR > 1 and significance <= 0.1<br>
2 points if OR >= 1.5 and significance <= 0.05<br>
3 points if OR >= 2 and significance <= 0.025<br>
4 points if OR >= 3 and significance <= 0.01<br>
5 points if OR >= 5 and significance <= 0.0001<br>
<br>
This is a pretty weird thing for us to be doing -- odds ratio represents how much increased risk a variant gives for a disease, not how likely it is to be "real". It isn't really evidence for whether the variant has enough evidence, it's a measure of how strong its clinical impact is. GWAS studies typically produce data like this:<br>
variants with a weak impact but strong significance. (Unfortunately the GWAS studies are also often limited to a single ethnic group, which is a different issue that I think we should consider problematic for the "evidence" end of things.)<br>
<br>
We could split OR into a different category, but I still think it would be the wrong measure. It fails to distinguish between rare and common disease. For an example, let me walk through two hypothetical cases of variants which have 5% allele frequencies: one variant is associated with Crohn's disease with an odds-ratio of 6.0, the second is associated with heart disease variant with an odds-ratio of 1.9.<br>
<br>
Assuming both of these are established to have very low p-values (i.e., significance), the Crohn's disease variant would currently rate 5 points and the heart disease variant would rate 2 points. But Crohn's disease is really rare (let's say 1 in 2000 = 0.05%), while heart disease is quite common (let's say 8%).<br>
<br>
In this case the odds ratio of 6.0 for Crohn's disease patients having this allele translates to a relative risk of being a carrier of about 4.8 (based on the allele frequency of 5%). So someone with Crohn's disease would be 4.8 times as likely to be carrying this variant (in other words, they have a 24% allele frequency instead of 5%). This also means they are 4.8 times as likely to get the disease if they have this variant. But since the disease is so rare (1 in 2000) that translates to a risk of .24% instead of the average of 0.05%. The amount of increased risk (called "attributable risk") caused by this variant is 0.19%.<br>
<br>
For the heart disease variant, the odds ratio of 1.9 means that individuals with heart disease are 1.82 times as likely to be carrying this variant (relative risk = 1.82). This means an individual is 1.71 times as likely to have heart disease if they have this allele. Because the disease is fairly common this translates to a risk of 13.7% instead of 8%. The amount of attributable risk caused by this variant is 5.7%.<br>
<br>
5.7% chance of heart disease vs. a 0.19% chance of Crohn's disease -- is it appropriate to be treating the form as merely "2 points" and the latter as "5 points"? I think the metric we use should respond to attributable risk (the percentages 5.7% and 0.19%), not to the odds ratio. A moderately high odds ratio for an extremely rare disease shouldn't trigger a high score.<br>
<br>
I propose the case/control evidence score be changed to eliminate odds ratio and that we create a new "<span class="il">Penetrance</span>" category based. The "case/control evidence" would look like this: <br>
0 points if no higher ranking is allowed<br>
1 point if significance <= 0.1<br>
2 points if significance <= 0.05<br>
3 points if significance <= 0.025<br>
4 points if significance <= 0.01<br>
5 points if significance <= 0.0001<br>
<br>
I'm happier to have OR out of this section because now the ranking is purely based on statistical significance, whether we think the variant is "real" at all.<br>
<br>
And the "<span class="il">penetrance</span>" would look like this:<br>
0 points if < 0.1% attributable risk<br>
1 points if >=0.1% attributable risk<br>
2 points if >=1% attributable risk<br>
3 points if >= 5% attributable risk<br>
4 points if >= 25% attributable risk<br>
5 points if >= 90% <span class="il">penetrance</span> (complete or highly penetrant)<br>
<br>
According to this scoring system, our hypothetical Crohn's disease variant would get 1 point and our hypothetical heart disease variant would get 3 points. (Their old scores were 5 points and 2 points, respectively.) I think this much more accurately reflects how important we think the variants are. This "<span class="il">penetrance</span>" category, since it's not measuring evidence but instead measuring an aspect of clinical impact, would go under the "clinical impact" section.<br>
<br>
After we break things up, we'll have to re-examine how our overall clinical severity rating gets calculated. I think we'll also have to create tools for translating odds ratios, etc. into attributable risk, I did it all with pen and paper this time but I think it shouldn't be too difficult.<br>
<br> -- Madeleine<br>